Learn English Translation and Essay Writing

Abbreviations

The abbreviation is a short way of writing a word or a phrase that could also be written out in full. So, for example, Dr Bahman = Doctor Bahman. Likewise, for example = e.g.

Hyphen (-)

The hyphen (-) a small bar found on every keyboard has several related uses. In every case, it is used to show that what it is attached to does not make up a complete word by itself. The hyphen must never be used with white spaces at both ends, though in some uses it may have a white space at one end.

Quotation marks and direct quotations (“ ”)

There are two types of quotation mark: single quotes (‘ ’) and double quotes (" ").British usage has in the past usually preferred single quotes for ordinary use, but double quotes are now increasingly common. American usage has always preferred double quotes. The use of double quotes in fact offers several advantages. The main use of quotation marks is quite easy to understand; a pair of quotation marks encloses a direct quotation, that is, a repetition of someone's exact words.

Examples:

She is fond of declaring "I'm interested in psychology."

"My only friend", Nadia says, "is my classmate."

Exclamation Mark(!)

The exclamation mark (!), known informally as a bang or a shriek, is used at the end of a sentence or a short phrase expressing very strong feeling.

Examples:

1-     What a lovely flower it is!

Question Mark (?)

A question mark (?) is placed at the end of a sentence which is a direct question.

Examples:

1-     What is the capital of Iran?

2-     Do you have a pen I can borrow?

3-     In which country did saffron originate?

Full Stop (.)

The full stop (.), called the period is used to mark the end of a sentence expressing a statement, as in the following examples:

Yesterday, there was a meeting in our university. Most of the students attended in that meeting. Some of them didn’t know who had invited them to the meeting.

حروف بزرگ  Capital Letters

   حروف بزرگ در موارد زير به كار مي رود

1-نخستين كلمه جمله و قطعه ي كوچك (Fragment)

Example: Is it possible for man to buld up a colony on the moon. Almost not? A

(پررنگ)Boldface

Boldface حروف پر رنگ در موارد زير مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرد:

1- عناوين آثار و فصل‌ها

2- زير نويس نمودار‌ها، جدول‌ها، آمار،...

3- براي نشان دادن تأكيد به‌جاي italic مي توان از Boldface  استفاده كرد.

Example: A colon is never followed by a hyphen or a dash.

 4- براي معرّفي واژه‌ها و اصطلاحات جديد

Special Signs

Diacritics   يا  accentsعلايمي هستند كه در بعضي از زبان‌ها در بالا يا زير حروف براي نشان دادن تلفّظ خاص آن حروف مي‌گذارند.              

Example: 

1-      été, août, ça, père  (فرانسوي)

2-      Wörter, tschüss (آلماني)

3-       mañana, angel (اسپانيايي)

4-      brød, frå (نروژي)

Slash ( / )

كاربرد Slash

1- بين دو گزينه .

Example: Each candidate must bring his/her identity card. A

يادآوري: با توجه به چشم نواز نبودن Slash در اين كاربرد بهتر است خود كلمه Or را بنويسيم. البتّه اين سبك بيشتر در تبليغات كاريابي استفاده مي شود.

Example:The university of Tehran wishes to appoint a lecturer/senior lecturer in physics. A

Italics (حروف كج)

Italics (حروف كج) در موارد زير استفاده مي شود:

1-براي جلب توجه خواننده به تأكيد عبارتي از متن

Dash (خظ تیره)

خط تيره ي افقي بلند تر از Hyphen مي باشد. در صفحه كليد هايي كه علامت Dash ندارند از Hyphen به  جاي Dash استفاده مي كنند. در روش بريتانيايي و در متون نشريات به جاي Dash فقط يك Hyphen (-) مي گذارند ولي در روش آمريكايي و در متون غير نشريه اي دو Hyphen (--) مي گذارند. قبل و بعد از Dash امروزه يك كاراكتر سفيد مي زنند ولي در قديم، فاصله نمي گذاشتند.

Parentheses or Round Brackets (...)

كاربرد پرانتزها

پرانتزها در موارد زير به كار مي روند:

1- براي قطع جريان جمله به منظور ارايه ي توضيح اضافي

Example: The spread of drug in Afqanistan by occupying forces (and there is no doubt that it is deliberate) horrifies the world. A